medical school

 Immediate orthopedic specialist consultation is crucial for certain fractures due to the risk of complications, poor healing outcomes, or associated injuries. Fractures requiring urgent specialist input typically include: 1. Open (Compound) Fractures Bone protrudes through the skin or there's an open wound over a fracture site. High risk of infection and neurovascular injury. Requires surgical debridement and possible fixation. 2. Fractures with Neurovascular Compromise Signs: loss of pulse, pallor, paralysis, paresthesia, or cool extremity distal to the fracture. Time-sensitive—requires urgent intervention to preserve limb viability. 3. Fracture-Dislocations Joint dislocation with an associated fracture (e.g., Monteggia , Galeazzi , elbow , knee , hip , or ankle dislocations with fracture ). Risk of joint instability and soft tissue compromise. 4. Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly Risk of avascular necrosis and need for surgical fixation or r...

  Medical Aspects of Lead Poisoning Introduction Lead is a heavy metal with no known physiological role in the human body. Despite regulatory measures, lead poisoning remains a global public health issue, especially in developing countries. Exposure often occurs through contaminated air, water, soil, or consumer products such as paints, batteries, and pipes. Both acute and chronic lead poisoning can have serious multisystemic effects, particularly in children, where it can lead to irreversible developmental damage. Understanding the medical aspects of lead poisoning is critical for prevention, diagnosis, and effective management. Sources and Exposure Lead enters the human body primarily through: Inhalation : Industrial emissions, leaded gasoline (historically), and burning of lead-containing materials. Ingestion : Contaminated water (from lead pipes), lead-based paints (especially in old buildings), contaminated food, and soil. Occupational exposure : Workers in batte...

  Medical Aspects of Arsenic Poisoning Introduction Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust, water, air, and soil. It exists in both organic and inorganic forms, with the latter being significantly more toxic. Arsenic poisoning, either acute or chronic, poses a serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in regions with contaminated drinking water or occupational exposure. Understanding the medical aspects of arsenic poisoning is essential for timely diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Types of Arsenic Exposure Arsenic poisoning can be classified into two major types: Acute Arsenic Poisoning : Occurs due to sudden ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of arsenic, often seen in suicide attempts, accidental poisoning, or occupational hazards. Chronic Arsenic Poisoning (Arsenicosis) : Results from prolonged exposure, commonly through contaminated drinking water, especially in countries like Bangladesh, India (West Bengal), and part...

  Steroids—especially topical corticosteroids—are commonly used to treat various skin conditions due to their anti-inflammatory effects. However, in some skin diseases, they are contraindicated or can worsen the condition. Here are several examples: 1. Fungal Infections (e.g., Tinea/Ringworm) Why contraindicated: Steroids can suppress local immune responses, allowing the fungal infection to spread and become more severe. Result: Leads to tinea incognito , a condition where the fungal infection becomes atypical in appearance due to steroid use. 2. Rosacea Why contraindicated: Steroids can initially improve redness but often worsen the condition long-term. Result: Can cause steroid-induced rosacea , worsening erythema and telangiectasia. 3. Perioral Dermatitis Why contraindicated: This condition is often triggered or exacerbated by topical steroids. Result: Leads to persistent papules and pustules around the mouth, often requiring discontinuation of ste...

  Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed in psychiatry, especially for depression and anxiety disorders. However, there are several psychiatric and medical conditions where SSRIs are contraindicated or should be used with extreme caution due to potential harm. Here are psychiatric conditions where SSRIs are contraindicated or risky : 1. Bipolar Disorder (Especially Bipolar I) – During Depressive Episodes Why contraindicated: SSRIs can induce manic or hypomanic switches and rapid cycling. Precaution: Should only be used with a mood stabilizer (e.g., lithium, valproate). 2. Schizoaffective Disorder or Schizophrenia (if not properly managed) Why contraindicated: SSRIs may worsen psychosis in some cases by increasing serotonin and dopamine tone. Precaution: Use only under antipsychotic cover and clear depressive component. 3. Serotonin Syndrome Risk (esp. in Polypharmacy) Why contraindicated: SSRIs combined with other ...